Shedding light on the hidden welfare state of private pensions: Examining the size and distributional effects of social tax expenditures for second pillar employee pensions in Belgium

European Journal of Social Security, Volume 27, Issue 4, Page 301-320, December 2025. In contemporary European welfare states, little attention is being paid to the ‘hidden welfare state’ of social tax expenditures (STEs) for private pensions. This lac…