Comparative evaluation of caudal epidural, interlaminar, and transforaminal epidural steroid injection in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis

Background: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a common degenerative spinal condition which is a major cause of pain and functional disability. Epidural steroid injections with or without local anesthetics have been used for the treatment of spinal pain, …

A study of the association of thyroid-stimulating hormone levels with microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at a tertiary care center

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypothyroidism are two of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide. The prevalence of both conditions is drastically on the rise and if untreated is associated with long-term complications. Several studies hav…

Effect of pulmonary recruitment maneuver and intraperitoneal bupivacaine on post-operative shoulder pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomized comparative study

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy nowadays is the preferable approach over open cholecystectomy because of early recovery and lower rate of complications. However, some undesirable effects, such as shoulder pain, which has an incidence of about …