History Journals
Two conferences in the natural-ice trade
International Journal of Maritime History, Volume 34, Issue 1, Page 133-155, February 2022. A conference in shipping can be understood as a cartel-like association of competing shipping companies. The purpose is to ensure stable framework conditions in…
History Journals
The French refrigeration industry’s protectionism propaganda against Norwegian ice imports, 1899–1920
International Journal of Maritime History, Volume 34, Issue 1, Page 156-171, February 2022. Imports of Norwegian natural ice into France during the long nineteenth century were met with hostility from the emerging French artificial-ice industry. The ph…